‘In Dublin’s fair city’, runs the first line of the Irish folk song Molly Malone, ‘where the girls are so pretty’. Dublin lives up to that description, or at least it did. Since its prime, however, and victim as it now is to a nationwide political program in which its famously friendly people had no say, the city is evolving along darker lines, and the pace of change received an accelerant last week. At least one Dublin girl is unlikely to be as pretty as she was.

Events on Thursday, November 23 were depressingly familiar for two reasons. That afternoon, a man knifed three children and a woman outside a Dublin school. Rumors quickly spread that the attacker was Algerian which, in keeping with the modern world, was both true and not true.

A man arrested in connection with the attack was described by the authorities as ‘an Irish citizen who had been in the country 20 years’, which is the passport-and-paperwork definition. He is also originally from Algeria, which was the definition many ordinary Irish people were more interested in. At the time of writing, a five-year-old girl and a teacher are still in serious condition in hospital. The little girl had her throat cut, among other wounds. Had the man still been in his native Algeria, one assumes the little girl would not now be fighting for life.

Context is required. While this event would probably be unexceptional in some American cities, and not even that rare in London, this is Dublin, almost a byword for conviviality, easy relations even between strangers, and a popular tourist destination for those very reasons. I have visited three times (although not for many years) and could have vouched for an interpersonal warmth that is a come-hither tourist brochure all its own. However, the Dublin Tourist Board will have an increasingly tough task to entice visitors after last week.

Later that same evening, the unprovoked and bloody stranger attacks were the catalyst for rioting which, although modest by BLM standards in the USA, was shocking seen on the streets of Dublin. Police cars, a tram and a bus were burned out, fireworks were shot at the Garda (the Irish police force), and shops were looted. A migrant center was also torched, an action seized on by the media as evidence of something far more to be feared than a mere maniac with a knife: Nationalism.

With the terrible synchronicity often incorrectly called irony, the epicenter of the rioting was on Parnell Street, named for nineteenth-century Irish nationalist politician Charles Parnell. The stabbings themselves took place on Parnell Square East. Nationalism was a main undercurrent of these disturbances, although in a way that would have puzzled Parnell.

The response to the rioting from the politico-media complex was as immediate and forceful as any of the famous Irish popular uprisings. What is now commonly referred to as ‘the narrative’ – a word with its classical roots in ‘story-telling’ – was assembled rapidly even by media standards, and a televised speech was quickly and solemnly made by Ireland’s premier, and to say it implicitly but aggressively defended untrammeled immigration would be under-statement not natural to those affectionately known as Paddy. The Irish premier is called the Taoiseach (pronounced tea-schock) and the incumbent, Leo Varadkar, is half-caste, his father having been a Bombay-born Indian, his mother a white Dubliner.

This may seem incidental, but could also be a factor when it comes to organizing political priorities concerning immigration, and is certainly not rare for the British Isles. Britain’s Prime Minister is a Hindu, Scotland’s First Minister and the Mayor of London are both Muslims. Varadkar’s immigrant lineage instantiates a problem hard-wired into politicians from familial backgrounds outside their adopted nations. They believe that their own success proves incontrovertibly that immigration is good in itself. It must be, they think. Just look at me! Affirmative action, for many of the duskier members of the British political class, is just something that happens to other people.

Varadkar’s speech was shockingly skewed. In passing, he referred to the attack on a little girl then in intensive care, and the care assistant who bravely defended her, for 42 seconds compared with the 4min 20 he took denouncing the ‘far right’ that he held responsible for the subsequent rioting. One attack, he said, took place ‘on innocent children’, the other on ‘our society and the rule of law’. The ‘far right’ became the media trope immediately connected with the riotous evening, punctuating most headlines. I wrote here at The Occidental Observer about the chimera of the British far right. If it doesn’t exist, however, politicians are finding it expedient to invent it and act as though they wish ordinary folk to believe it does.

As always, the media echo ran to form, taking its lead from globalist mob-bosses. The ‘far-right’ were the main concern here, not a psychotic Algerian who had notably failed to integrate (integration being the Holy Grail of open-borders promoters, and equally mythical) after two decades. Many headlines featured the phrase ‘far-right’, without even the precautionary scare quotes, and a pre-fabricated narrative was simply flown in like a theater set, as Times Radio exemplifies. And stateside, whereas the US media portrayed the anarchistic fire dances of the BLM riots as though they were a provincial bar fight, the Dublin rioting was portrayed by CNN as though it were Dresden after the RAF bombed it in World War II. And this, the Irish were told, was the direct result of what Dublin Police Commissioner Drew Harris claimed as ‘far-right ideology’. His parroting of the official line, however, brought an interesting voice into play, one from which the media commissars were not expecting to hear.

Ireland — or Éire, to give its original Gaelic name — is known for its nationalistic heroes, both mythological and very real, and perhaps Conor McGregor sees himself in that legendary role. McGregor is a successful boxer and Mixed Martial Arts fighter much respected in Ireland, particularly among its fighting-age men, and his response to the Dublin riots on social media caused the Left to hit the canvas, floored by Tweets stating, as an example, that ‘Ireland is at war’, alongside criticism of the police commissioner noted above. There has been talk of McGregor running for office after he came out of his social media corner throwing punches. There is also a lot of chatter – or ‘blarney’, as the Irish call it – indicating that the police may be investigating McGregor for ‘hate speech’, of which more later.

Conor McGregor: We Are Not Losing Any More Women & Children to Twisted People Who Should Not Be in Ireland https://t.co/P56hN6THA1

— Breitbart London (@BreitbartLondon) November 24, 2023

The riotous response to the Dublin knife attack was not spontaneous combustion. This was a light touched to flammable material already piled high by two other recent crimes in Ireland. The murder of 23-year-old teacher Ashling Murphy last year, and the murder and beheading of two gay men also in 2022. Both committed by immigrants, these killings had already sickened a nation always grateful to have (mostly) avoided the violent horrors of Northern Ireland during The Troubles.

With these slayings in recent memory, the butchery of small children outside a school was just a little too rich for Irish blood, with results that the media reported along ideological lines becoming all too familiar. Initial speculation also showed another cardinal rule of media narration: If a foreigner commits a violent crime, it’s likely mental health issues. If an indigenous person commits a violent crime, it’s definitely far-right ideology.

People who are fearful for their communities and say as much are branded as far right, immigrants of whatever stripe enter as victims and saints as soon as they set foot on the Emerald Isle. And if an immigrant saint were needed for the narrative, surely the media could find one.

And it did!

The story had a twist the media were overjoyed to use. The knifeman was tackled by a number of passers-by, but the man who became a hero to the press overnight was a Brazilian immigrant working for a food-delivery company. I wouldn’t want to take anything away from him, as he stopped his bike when he saw the carnage unfolding, battered the attacker with his crash-helmet, and is obviously a brave man. But others were involved, already forgotten, and it is curious that an appeal set up for the Brazilian via Go Fund Me has so far raised more than one set up for the critically injured. The message is uncomplicated. Even if one immigrant tries to kill children with a large knife, the presence of another who helps stop that is worth more. Write that down, children.

Speaking of the knife attacks in Dublin and the resultant evening of anarchy, the president of political party Sinn Féin (forever linked inextricably with the IRA, or Irish Republican Army) said something so irresistibly Irish it was comic even amid the tragedy. “This the last thing you would expect to happen in Dublin on a Thursday afternoon”, she said, implying that it would have been just so Dublin on a Wednesday or a Friday, or possibly after Sunday mass. But the surprise element of the attacks has been put to good use by the Irish political class, a franchise of globalism as they so clearly are.

The Irish version of the deep state seems to have been instructed to use the Dublin attacks as an urgent catalyst for legislation which has in fact been coming for some time. This is validation for the hate-speech laws for which Ireland seems to have been chosen by the EU to road-test. Dublin incident even provided one of those. As PM Varadkar happily noted, “The bill would give the government more power to prosecute individuals who post “reckless” comments or memes that “incite violence or hatred against a person or a group of persons.”

The political imperative never to let a good crisis go to waste has been variously attributed, but the political class today may as well have it tattooed on their arms. Within 24 hours of the knifing of children in broad daylight outside a school in a peaceable city, the attendant political advantage had been picked up and booted like a rugby ball. Ireland’s Criminal Justice (Incitement to Violence or Hatred and Hate Offences Bill 2022 is the harshest in Europe, and there is a sense that Ireland is being used, as scientists used to write in Latin, in laboratorio, just to test how things proceed, given the theory. But the bill has been easing its way through the Irish political process for a while, slinking by and trying not to attract attention. As with many of these Orwellian additions to legal systems that worked perfectly well before, there is a sense that the political class would like to hurry things along.

This is what is being proposed:

“Racism and xenophobia are direct violations of the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the rule of law, principles upon which the European Union is founded and which are common to the Member States.”

One of the punishable crimes relating to “xenophobia” is merely “the commission of an act referred to in point (a) by public dissemination or distribution of tracts, pictures or other material,” which can roughly apply to political pamphlets criticizing the influx of immigrants and refugees in Ireland.

But don’t worry. It’s for your own good: In June, Irish Green Party Sen. Pauline O’Reilly was panned for a speech defending the bill in which she admitted, “We are restricting freedom, but we’re doing it for the common good.”

Now there have even been suggestions that such legislation might be applied retrospectively. I had to have a second look at that. If I were a cartoon character, I would have rubbed my eyes. This is what it means:

You performed action x in 2014, when action x was not illegal.

A law has just been passed in 2023 making action x illegal.

You are under arrest for action x performed in 2014.

Is there not something tremendously wrong in this warping of the law to defy time itself? It is obvious who this archeologically applied legislation will be applied to, and they will include those on Parnell Street protesting the slaughter of innocents.

So, then. From Dublin’s fair city to a very unfair city indeed, at the risk of sounding childish. Everyone has heard a child complain – and may even have been that child — that a parental decision which has not gone their way is ‘not fair’. We recognize the charge of ‘unfairness’ as a childish response to minor disappointment, and we smile. What has happened to Dublin, however, is not fair in a far deeper sense than the small concerns of children, or ‘childer’, as the unreconstructed accent of older Irish people would say it.

It is not fair to the White Irish, who planted a beautiful, historical seed of a city through their own communitarian instincts and watched it blossom into one of the most popular tourist magnets in Europe, and at one time a beautiful place to live, vibrant with creativity rather than sullen Muslims and blacks. It is not fair to the very old and the very young, who are now just that little bit more frightened to walk familiar streets than they were. Even the Sky News’ report includes vox pop saying that Dublin city center is not now safe to walk at night. And it is certainly not fair to combined notions of race, nationhood, and sovereignty, which are not yesterday’s focus-group wheeze, but have grown by accretion and patriotic attention for centuries.

In what used to be called ‘olden times’, if a country was invaded, it not only had the right to defend itself and repel invaders, its men were commanded to do so by the monarch. Now, those voices of command issue from castles in different countries from that being invaded, and with different instructions. The enemy does not stand outside the gates now, but is active inside, voted in as they were by a populace they successfully duped. ‘Better a thousand enemies outside the house’, runs an Arab proverb, ‘than one inside’.

Legend has it that there are no snakes in Ireland due to their expulsion by St. Patrick in the fifth century, an early example of pest-control, perhaps. The Irish — the real Irish, not arrivistes granted Irish passports — are beginning to approve of his methods. But that apparent absence of venomous serpents on the Emerald Isle very much depends on where you look for them. I suggest starting with the nest of vipers which is the Irish political class.

VDARE Publisher (and President of the VDARE Foundation) Lydia Brimelow and VDARE Editor Peter Brimelow talk about New York State Attorney General Letitia James lawfare attack on VDARE. pic.twitter.com/NAbwsuWJZA

— VDARE (@vdare) November 22, 2023

VDARE.com LAWFARE CRISIS INTENSIFIES—Federal Court Judge Frederick J. Scullin Dodges Protecting Our (And Our Writers’) 1A Rights From “Hyperpoliticized” NYAG Letitia James

Peter Brimelow

11/09/2023

The statue Laocoön and His Sons, of a Trojan priest being attacked by sea serpents, had an immense impact on the Renaissance after it was unearthed in Rome in the early sixteenth century. Wikipedia quotes an art historian as saying it is ”the prototypical icon of human agony” in Western art. It’s how we at VDARE.com feel, entrapped in Letitia James’ endless unprincipled, decidedly un-Western, Lawfare.

See earlier: VDARE.com FACING MORTAL THREAT!—NY Attorney General Letitia James Mugs Us (As Well As Donald Trump, NRA etc.)

Very soon, perhaps by mid-December, VDARE.com may be pressured to turn over the names of its vendors and its pseudonymous writers (and in the current Reign Of Terror, virtually all of our writers are pseudonymous) to the notoriously leak-crazed office of out-of-control New York Attorney General Letitia James. Which means our current vendors, i.e., tech support, etc., may be forced to drop us, as so many have already done, e.g., Mailchimp, Constant Contact, PayPal, Amazon, Google Ads.  And at least some of our pseudonymous writers will certainly be fired from their day jobs—with the result that in today’s Woke-whipped America they may well be unable to find employment at all.

And VDARE.com will effectively be destroyed.

How has this appalling situation arisen?

• Because NYAG James has now moved to find us in contempt of court because we have not yet complied with her subpoena demands, although we are fighting them in both New York State and Federal courts.

If we are found in contempt, we will face fines that could quickly amount to thousands of dollars.

The alleged cause of NYAG James’ investigation into VDARE.com: our purchase of the Berkeley Springs Castle WV as a conference and headquarters venue, which we did only after we had been repeatedly Cancelled out of hotel conference venues because of communist pressure. (See, e.g., here, here, here, and here.)

But this whole transaction—which is entirely normal in the 501(c)(3) world, e.g., the Southern Poverty Law Center communist enforcer group owns its notoriously lavish “Poverty Palace” headquarters in Montgomery AL— was expensively lawyered and is completely bullet-proof, not least because we always knew NYAG James was Out There.

And, tellingly, NYAG James has repeatedly refused to meet with our expensive lawyers to discuss the Castle purchase—obviously preferring to use this excuse to subpoena us to death on other matters.

And, crucially, she still has not yet brought any charges against us. Notoriously, the reality of modern politicized legal and regulatory tyranny is that ”the process is the punishment.”

In December 2022, NYAG James tricked our lawyers, who had filed in Federal Court for First Amendment relief after her subpoena demands became blatant political harassment, by asking for time to respond “because of the holidays [a.k.a Christmas] and a member of our team who has COVID…”

But she then used the time we granted to file against us in New York State Court, in itself an extremely aggressive move.

Of course, in a just world, even apart from NYAG Letitia James’ obvious malfeasance, the New York State Court should have stayed or even dismissed NYAG Letitia James’ petition to compel enforcement, pending resolution of our First Amendment case in Federal Court, which would normally have had priority.

But to our lawyers’ shock, and with unprecedented speed—as in the next business day after our last contact with her, a proposal that she review our vendors in camera, which she ignored—New York State Judge Sabrina Kraus, ruled against us, uncritically reproducing NYAG James’ lying and stupid assertions as to why she had cause to want disclosure.[Ruling, January 19, 2023, PDF]

Judge Sabrina Kraus

Normally, these rulings take months.

Kraus even required that we provide the names of pseudonymous writers.

This is particularly telling because NYAG James had ostentatiously eschewed asking for the real names of writers in her response to our Federal suit—presumably because of its obvious First Amendment implications.

It is this Judge Sabrina Kraus who will be hearing NYAG’s James contempt of court motion on December 8.

Amazingly, NYAG James’ new Memorandum of Law in support of her motion to compel not only ignores the ethical issues that our counsel raised, but doubles down and again brazenly repeats what we called out as her “lying and stupid assertions” noted above. It claims:

According to VDARE’s required IRS Form 990, at the time VDARE conveyed the castle to the Brimelows’ companies, it had no independent directors as that term is defined in the Not-for-Profit Corporation Law (“N-PCL”), Section 102(21).

Let’s go over this again, slowly: there are no “Brimelows’ companies,” in the lyingly insinuated sense that they are personally owned. The entities in question are entirely controlled by the VDARE Foundation, again a perfectly normal situation in the non-profit world.

(And, for that matter, the VDARE Foundation has always had “independent directors.”)

(And anyway 501(c)(3) charities are not obliged to have “independent directors.” They are regularly family-controlled.)

These are lies and (because easily refuted) stupid lies.

In this context, it’s vital to realize that NYAG James is not (at least in theory) a politician like Joe Biden, free to repeat flights of fantasy at will. She is what in the legal system is known as an  “Officer of the Court.” She is simply not allowed to misrepresent the facts in legal pleadings before a judge.

But she has. Repeatedly. And, at least in the case of Judge Kraus, she has gotten away with it.

This means that NYAG James is committing repeated violations of the New York Rules of Professional Conduct—despite the fact that our lawyers have already formally called her out on them:

See the Letter of Complaint here.

But our immediate problem:

• Federal Judge Frederick J. Scullin, Jr., the senior judge in the Federal District Court for the Northern District of New York, has dodged our First Amendment argument on the incredibly annoying technicality that the case had been already heard by New York State Judge Kraus (see above).

Judge Scullin

Judge Scullin’s final ruling was on September 13, 2023.[Ruling, PDF]

This was a devastating shock to us, and also to our counsel. We had presumed that making a good-faith effort to comply with NYAG James’ crushingly burdensome subpoenas, and only raising our First Amendment issues with the Federal court (where they should properly be heard) when it became clear that NYAG James herself was not acting in good faith, would create a record that the Federal court would respect.

But Judge Scullin ignored our good-faith efforts completely. Nor did he address NYAG James’ ethical transgressions a.k.a. her lying and stupid assertions to the court noted above. Nor did he address affidavits submitted by pseudonymous VDARE.com writers pointing out that revealing their names could cause them serious harm.

And he denied us any injunctive relief, thereby exposing us to New York State court compliance—precipitating the current crisis.

It’s hard to avoid the impression that Judge Scullin simply didn’t want to deal with the VDARE.com case at all—just as the U.S. Tenth Circuit Court Of Appeal, with the heroic exception of Judge Harris L. Hartz, dodged dealing with our slam-dunk Civil Rights case against the City of Colorado Springs’ refusal to protect our 2017 conference there.

• What happens next?

VDARE.com is now in the Kafkaesque position of have having to defend the same issue, and also appeals relating to both of them, in both state and federal courts simultaneously—at absolutely appalling expense.

Our appeal against New York State Judge Kraus’ decision is here [PDF]. Its key point:

Almost every word Respondent has stated about the castle transactions is a false and misleading statement of fact and law to a tribunal. Yet the castle transactions were supposed to be the “critical facts that first triggered [Respondent’s] scrutiny.” Stripped of Respondent’s deliberate lies about the castle transactions, Respondent is left with picayune complaints about de minimis technicalities. Such inquiries do not justify the breadth of the three subpoenas, especially the attempt to deanonymize those with the right to speak and associate anonymously.

Furthermore, the 6,000 pages of documents already produced (R.6) are by now more than enough to answer and lay to rest these trivial inquiries. Demanding that VDARE continue on with the massive administrative burden of producing another 40 gigabytes of data—a truly monumental amount of data—chasing after these petty phantoms bespeaks nothing other a desire to punish VDARE for its speech.

Quite aside from Respondent’s admission, such a sweeping inquiry tethered to such de minimis concerns reveals Respondent’s conduct for what it is: an “unlimited and general inquisition” calling for “irrelevant and immaterial documents” meant to harass VDARE (an ideological adversary of James’s professed politics). Myerson v Lentini Bros Moving & Storage Co. It manifestly does not survive the strict or “careful” scrutiny required by the First Amendment or New York’s own constitution. Evergreen Ass’n, Inc v Schneiderman, 153 AD3d 87, 100 [2^nd Dept, 2017]. Such being the case, Respondent should be told, in no uncertain terms, that this subpoena is invalid and should not be enforced. Grotallio v. Soft Drink Leasing Corp., 468 NYS2d 4, 5-6, [1^st Dept, 1983].

In addition, we are appealing Judge Scullin’s dismissal to the Federal Second Circuit.

• A point in VDARE.com’s favor—At least everyone now knows about weaponized law enforcement. (But of course this Is Bad News for America.)

There was a time when Americans innocently assumed that anyone attacked by law enforcement authorities must be guilty of something.

Perhaps the first crack in this assumption for conservatives:  former Reagan Administration official Paul Craig Roberts’ demonstration, in his 2000 book The Tyranny of Good Intentions: How Prosecutors and Law Enforcement Are Trampling the Constitution in the Name of Justice, that an epidemic of prosecutorial abuse had emerged as a result of the 1990s War on Drugs/Crime.

I was able to write about this in FORBES magazine, despite Steve Forbes’ characteristically conventional misgivings, only because of the support of FORBES’ great Editor James W. Michaels.

”Americans are no longer secure in law—the justice system no longer seeks truth and prosecutors are untroubled by wrongful convictions,” Roberts wrote.

”They can seize anyone, and any property, at any time,” he said of modern law enforcement agencies.

A key traditional right that Roberts argued had been eroded: “To have the confidential assistance of an attorney.”

Of course the further destruction of this right has been exemplified recently by Georgia prosecutor Fani Willis’ financial torturing into submission of President Donald J. Trump’s lawyers: here, here and here.

Fani Willis

How can any lawyer, with a family to support, now dare represent Trump—or for that matter anyone on the Dissident Right?

The broader significance of this development: It means that the equivalent of what economists used to call the “money illusion”—consumers’ slowness to realize that the nominal value of money was being destroyed by inflation—is finally ending for America’s law enforcement system.

Significantly, a plurality (46%) of Americans now flat-out believe that the charges against Trump are political [Nearly two-thirds of Americans think Jan. 6 charges against Trump are serious: POLL, by Tal Axelrod, ABC, August 4, 2023]. They think the law enforcement system has been weaponized—as is clearly the case with NYAG Letitia James’ attack on us.

Simply put, Americans are ceasing to believe the law enforcement system is impartial.

Of course, the same thing has already happened to America’s increasingly partisan Regime Media

The 32% of Americans who say they trust the mass media “a great deal” or “a fair amount” to report the news in a full, fair and accurate way ties Gallup’s lowest historical reading, previously recorded in 2016 [Media Confidence in U.S. Matches 2016 Record Low by Megan Brenan, Gallup Polls, October 19, 2023].

With President Trump appearing certain to get the GOP nomination, and the Deep State appearing  fanatically determined to stop him, the U.S. is unmistakably headed for a Constitutional crisis.

And what recourse do Americans have if they can’t trust the courts?

To quote Shakespeare’s Brutus in his funeral oration over the murdered Julius Caesar: I pause for a reply.

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This is headed in a very bad direction.

And it is entirely the fault of fanatical Leftist lawfare activists like NYAG James—and, of course, compliant courts.

• Which is another point in VDARE.com’s favor—Everyone now knows about NYAG James’ clearly unconstitutional thuggery.

Thus a brilliant unsigned October 4, 2023 editorial in Revolver.news, The Definitive MAGA Legal Counter-Offensive: Striking Back Against the Regime’s Political Prosecution Spree, includes this bravura passage:

If you want a model for how a state law enforcement agency can seamlessly blend enforcing the law with political objectives, New York is the gold standard….

In the 1990s, Kamala Harris slept her way to the top of California politics. Thirty years later, a black woman can instead MeToo her way to the top. [Letitia] James planned to quickly level up to the governorship by sticking a MeToo knife into Andrew Cuomo. But James’s bid for New York’s top job in 2022 was a bust, so she’s instead still lurking in Albany, biding her time, and trying to take MAGA scalps in the meantime.

James and her predecessors have amassed a formidable set of wins against Donald Trump and right-of-center America generally, and crucially, they’ve done this damage without getting any electric headline-dominating convictions.

In 2018, under [NTYAG Eric] Schneiderman’s temporary replacement, Barbara Underwood, the New York A.G. office successfully dissolved the entire Trump Foundation after suing it for an alleged pattern of illegal behavior. In 2020, after years of preparatory maneuvers, the NYAG brought a lawsuit seeking to dissolve the National Rifle Association and seize its assets. That bid failed, but at the same time, when was the last time you’ve heard about the NRA mattering in national politics? The group’s costly, years-long legal battles have sapped it of wealth and energy.

The NYAG’s most recent major action is a lawsuit against Trump, three of his children, and the Trump Organization, accusing it of systematically inflating Trump’s net worth to deceive investors. That case might get far less press attention than Trump’s four criminal indictments…

Subsequently, of course, press attention has surged with Trump’s recent New York court appearances.

 

 

The Washington Examiner’s Byron York has described Letitia James’s claims against Trump as

A punishment so out of line with the behavior alleged in this case that it boggles the mind. It is made possible by two factors: a bad law and a hyperpoliticized attorney general.

A politicized, grossly unfair lawsuit against Trump, November 7, 2023

“Hyperpoliticized Attorney General.” Yeah.

• Putting this in perspective

VDARE.com is a tiny operation. And it has been crippled since the halcyon days of the free internet that was cut off after Trump’s election in 2016 by the Empire Striking Back—in the form of shadow-banning, deplatforming by, e.g., Facebook, YouTube, and demonetization by, e.g., Amazon.com.

Moreover, as noted above, we have always stood ready to prove that the Castle transaction, itself financially trivial—especially compared to James’ own just-revealed mysterious real estate deals [After you see Letitia James’ net worth, you’ll wonder why SHE isn’t the one being investigated…, Revolver.news, November 7, 2023]—was entirely legitimate. Any questions could have been settled with phone calls, possibly a couple of conferences, and the production of a handful of documents.

And anyway we are not even operating in New York State.

So why is NYAG James bringing this massive investigatory effort against us—her court documents are always signed by multiple lawyers, highly paid at taxpayer expense?

Does she have no criminals to prosecute?

The answer is obvious: This is a political mugging aimed at suppressing dissent—part of America’s ongoing communist coup.

• A bitter personal note

I immigrated from Britain in 1970, not simply to America but to the American Conservative Movement. I would not claim to be particularly prominent in it, but I have gotten to know many of the key players personally.

And I have to say that, on a personal level, I am bitterly disappointed by how few of them have offered VDARE.com support since NYAG James’ mugging became public.

Of course, there’s a lot of other things going on right now—an ongoing communist coup, the Biden Rush at the southern (and now northern) border, the looming Constitutional crisis over the Deep State’s fanatical determination to block Trump, the very real imminent possibility of World War III, etc., etc.

But the key factor hurting VDARE.com:  fear of the “racism” smear continues to be hegemonic. America Firsters who are household names (I won’t name them—yet) tell us they are afraid to help us.

Patriots will not get anywhere until this taboo is broken down.

And that may be too late for us.

Right now there is a real danger that VDARE.com may vanish quietly like Icarus, in the W.H. Auden poem that Lydia quoted in her obituary for our much-missed friend Martin Rojas:

In Breughel’s Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away
Quite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman may
Have heard the splash, the forsaken cry,
But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shone
As it had to on the white [is this Hate Speech?]  legs disappearing into the green
Water; and the expensive delicate ship that must have seen
Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky,
had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on.

Roll of Honor (and thanks also to our supports on Twitter/X/Gab):

• Paul Craig Roberts: Do White Ethnicities Have a Future, May 24, 2023.
• John Kline in American Greatness: What State Harassment and Institutional Terror in Woke America Looks Like (June 3, 2023).
• Jared Taylor, VDARE in the Eye of Sauron, June 14, 2023.
• Volokh Conspiracy’s Eugene Volokh for amending his original post.
• Paul Gottfried in Chronicles Magazine (August 2023).
• John O’Sullivan in Australia’s Quadrant Magazine.

And I’d also like to thank the redoubtable Revolver.news for linking to our stories..

But that’s all I can see right now.

Specifically, nothing from my former colleagues at the Wall Street Journal, Barron’s magazine, Fortune magazine, Forbes magazine, American Spectator, American Conservative, National Review, etc.).

Apologies to anyone I’ve missed—let me know.

• VDARE.com NEEDS Help NOW

With Federal Court Judge Frederick J. Scullin dodging his obligation to protect our First Amendment rights, VDARE.com is now in supreme peril—along with our writers.

I do often say that miracles happen quite often in politics.

BUT VDARE.COM NEEDS A MIRACLE RIGHT NOW.

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Alexander Jacob’s book on Julius Evola as seen by four intellectuals in the Third Reich. From the Amazon blurb:

How was Julius Evola viewed in the Third Reich? This book presents assessments made by 4 leading intellectuals of the regime: Walther Wüst, Joseph Otto Plassmann, Wolfram Sievers and Kurt Hancke. Translated with an Introduction by Alexander Jacob, this scholarly work is essential reading for anyone with a serious interest in Evola or the history of National Socialist Germany.

Amazon link.

Julius Evola in the Third Reich
Alexander Jacob
Uthwita Press, 2023

Introduction to Julius Evola in the Third Reich, Uthwita Press, 2023

Julius Evola (1898–1974) is today known as a major exponent of the movement that has come to be called Traditionalism and the author of several important works on Hermeticism, Buddhism and Yoga. However, in the thirties, he also published pamphlets on subjects that had come into prominence since the establishment of the Third Reich, namely, the Aryan mythos and the Jewish Question. Evola was not a Fascist and in his earliest publications on politics, such as notably the Imperialismo pagano of 1928, he criticised the Italian Fascist state as a soulless entity that did not rise above petty populism and nationalism to the transcendental sources of an ideal hierarchical society. The pagan imperialism that Evola admired was that of ancient Rome, which he believed had been ruined by the rise of the Roman Catholic Church, which assumed an undue power alongside the state and thereby separated the state from the church. However, when he published a German translation of this work in 1933 (Heidnischer Imperialismus), he made radical changes to it. For instance, the Roman paganism of the Mediterranean world pointed to in the Italian edition was replaced by a Nordic Aryan one emanating from the Hyperborean North of a legendary Thule. While he had shown little sympathy for Italian Fascism, he now evinced an unusual interest in the racialist ideology of National Socialism.

Mussolini, for his part, had initially encouraged public denunciations of Nazi racial doctrine and Evola’s two major contributions to this campaign appeared in late 1933 and early 1934. The first article (‘Osservazioni critiche sul “razzismo” nazionalsocialista’)^[1] presented, as Staudenmaier puts it,^[2] some ‘critical observations’ on the excessively ‘naturalistic’ components of Nazi racial ideology:

Here Evola outlined his philosophy of ‘spiritual’ racism and contrasted it to the ‘materialist’ racism that predominated within National Socialism. While the materialist ignored the ‘metabiological’ aspects of race, Fascism had pointed to the ‘higher reality’ proper to the ‘Aryan peoples’ … The second article (‘Razza e Cultura’)^[3] applauded Nazism’s revival of ‘Aryanism’ and its contrast between ‘superior races and inferior races,’ but cautioned that biological theories of race were not aristocratic enough and did not grasp true racial nobility. Evola insisted that standard forms of ‘materialist’ racism were not equal to the task of confronting the ‘Jewish menace’ in its full depth and breadth since race was ‘not merely physical.’^[4]

Then, in 1936, Evola wrote a pamphlet on Tre aspetti del problema ebraico (‘Three Aspects of the Jewish Problem’) which betrays his main concern in all racial discussions — namely, to exonerate the Jews of the various racial, cultural and economic accusations made against them by anti-Semitic thinkers in Germany and within the National Socialist regime. According to Evola, the Jews are indeed guilty of various crimes of social and political subversion in Europe — however, they are not the major force of corruption but only a small part of a larger metaphysical force of evil working against the pure original realm of Tradition.

Like the philo-Semitic Nietzsche,^[5] Evola believes that the most ancient Jewish cult was manly and warlike whereas the later cult revolving around the prophets degenerated into a Messianism that culminated in the servile religion of Christianity.^[6] Similarly, he considers Jewish subversion of the culture of Indo-European countries not due to any plan of the Jews^[7] but as part to a larger process of degeneration in which the racial character of the Jews only plays a small though important role. Thus, a spiritual change is needed that will not allow the Jewish element to benefit from the natural tendency towards decay that is apparent in Western societies. Populist solutions, mass deportations, etc. are plebeian ways of viewing a problem that is metaphysical in essence.

The fact that Evola wrote this pamphlet just before his lectures to the Germans on the Aryan question and the fusion of National Socialist ideology with Fascism suggests that his visits to Germany were not accidental but impelled by an urgent desire to soften the anti-Semitism of the Reich by pointing out its supposed metaphysical shortcomings.

In 1941, Evola published a work detailing his own racial ideology, Sintesi di dottrina della razza, which decried all biological racialism and raised the notions of spiritual race and of racial souls above it. In his discussion of degenerate races, he significantly does not specify the Jewish race but generally designates the ‘Semites’ — along with sub-Saharan Africans — as inferior racial types. Evola concludes by suggesting that the National Socialist racial doctrines are a hopeful sign of the possible recreation of the original superior race that inhabited the lofty world of Tradition. We see therefore that the sources both of racial perfection and of corruption are pushed back by Evola to an ideal realm that is so far removed from the present world that it is virtually impossible to alter the current course of the latter. And Evola’s professed hopes of the rise of a new type of enlightened humanity out of the realm of Tradition are, consequently, somewhat fantastic.

⊛

In the late thirties and early forties, Evola undertook frequent trips to Germany, going on speaking tours, meeting with SS officials, and attending conferences. For him, the climax of a 1934 visit to Germany was a speech he delivered at Berlin’s Herrenklub, the conservative political establishment inspired by Moeller van den Bruck’s book Das dritte Reich (1923).^[8] As he later recounted in his autobiography — ‘Here I found my natural habitat. From then on a cordial and fruitful friendship was established between myself and the club’s president, Baron Heinrich von Gleichen … That was also the basis for certain activity in Germany, grounded on common interests and objectives.’^[9] German editions of his works that appeared at this time included Heidnischer Imperialismus (1933) and Erhebung wider die moderne Welt (1935).

Further, as Staudenmeier informs us,

In 1937 he took part in an international antisemitic convention in Erfurt and wrote a report for Italian readers. A lecture tour in spring 1941 took Evola to Munich, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Cologne, and Berlin. This was followed by lectures on race in April 1942 in Hamburg and Berlin, depicting a shared Aryan heritage that bound Italians and Germans together.^[10] 

⊛

Everything in Evola’s doctrine is based on the primacy of spirit so that the racial question too cannot be determined by reference to biological realities but rather to spiritual ones. He considers race itself to be a spiritual condition first, then a question of ethnic identity (Clauß’ racial soul), and finally an individual biological phenomenon. The effort to recreate the primal perfect race that is characteristic of the original realm of tradition should be undertaken, according to Evola, not through biological discrimination but through spiritual elevation.

Evola is quite ambiguous regarding the materialistic and socially degenerate aspects of Jewry. It is true that he wrote the Preface to Giovanni Preziosi’s 1921 translation of the Protocols as well as an enthusiastic endorsement of Codreanu’s anti-Semitic campaign in his 1938 article, ‘La tragedia della ‘Guardia di Ferro.’^[11] But he cannot accept that every Jew is biologically bound to be materialistic and degenerate just as every Aryan is not a superior being — as he declared in his 1937 lecture reproduced in the present edition:^[12]

We shall repeat: race is the secondary element, spirit and tradition are the primary because, in the metaphysical sense, race — before it is expressed in the blood — is in the spirit. If it is true that, without racial purity, spirit and tradition are robbed of their most precious means of expression, it is equally true however that the pure race robbed of spirit is doomed to become a biological mechanism and to eventually die out. Spiritual degeneration, ethical weakening, and the slow death of many tribes that have not however committed any of the sins of the blood pointed to by a certain materialistic racial doctrine are a proof of that, and here we are thinking not only of primitives but also of Swedes and the Dutch. It follows therefrom that, without the revivification of the higher spiritual power latent in the Nordic character, even all measures for biological racial protection would have a very relative and limited effect with regard to our higher task of a reconstruction of the West.

In his enumeration of the tactics of subversion employed by the enemies of Tradition, Evola tellingly criticises those — like the National Socialists — who manifest a monomaniacal hostility to the Jews and Freemasons. As SS Obersturmbannführer Hancke paraphrased Evola in his report of June 1938:

In this way National Socialism overlooks its real opponents as a result of its monomaniacal concentration on Jews and Freemasons.

This is perhaps the clearest indication of Evola’s dubious defence of both Judaism and Freemasonry.

⊛

While Evola continued to appeal to the Germans to unite on the question of Nordic or Aryan civilisation and racial differences, in Italy, he aroused staunch opposition from Fascist quarters. As Staudenmaier puts it, ‘His long sojourns in Germany provoked contrary assessments. Some saw him as an unreliable fascist due to his strongly pro-German stance, while others cast him as excessively critical of Nazi policy and an irritant to the Axis partnership.’^[13]

The Germans too were in general not fully sympathetic to Evola’s views and the union between National Socialism and Fascism did not come about in any deep philosophical sense before the forced incorporation of Italy in 1943 led to the implementation of the Reich’s uncompromising anti-Jewish measures. During this period of the Italian Social Republic, Evola remained mainly in contact with Giovanni Preziosi, who was like Evola a spiritual anti-Semite, and Roberto Farinacci, whose strict enforcement of the anti-Jewish measures of 1938 were also not based on any biologically based racialism.^[14]

In official SS circles, Evola’s lectures were subjected to close scrutiny and a more or less negative evaluation. According to Goodrick-Clarke,^[15] already in early 1938, the SS started to investigate his ideas and Karl Maria Wiligut (also known as Weisthor when he joined the SS in 1933) — the seer who became Himmler’s spiritual ‘guru’— was asked to comment on a lecture delivered bv Evola at Berlin in December 1937. Three further lectures were given by Evola in June 1938 and again Himmler referred the matter to Weisthor, with the additional request that he review Evola’s book on pagan imperialism from the perspective of his own traditions. As Goodrick-Clarke recounts, Weisthor replied that:

Evola worked from a basic Aryan concept but was quite ignorant of prehistoric Germanic institutions and their meaning. He also observed that this defect was representative of the ideological differences between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and could ultimately prejudice the permanency of their alliance.^[16]

Both on the basis of Wiligut’s report and the reports presented in this edition, the SS ordered that Evola’s activities in the Third Reich should be discouraged.

Even after the initial period of his lectures in Germany, Evola faced opposition from both Germans and Italians. Thus, as Staudenmaier relates, when Evola proposed to Mussolini and his German contacts in 1941 the founding of a bilingual journal on racial questions, Werner Hüttig, the racial scientist, ‘submitted a detailed critique of Evola’s racial theories in September 1942, and faulted Evola’s treatment of scientific issues and his obscure mixture of incongruous sources, from ancient Aryan tradition to modern esoteric lore.’^[17] In Italy too, ‘The occult aspects of Evola’s spiritual racism were a source of particular controversy. Anonymous denunciations sent to the fascist leadership had warned for years of ‘an epidemic of esotericism’ afflicting Italy.’ In a March 1942 letter to Mussolini, Telesio Interlandi, the scientific racialist, protested against ‘occultist’ perversions of the racist idea.‘ The Jesuit priest, Pietro Tacchi Venturi, too insisted that ‘Evola’s project would lead to problems with the church, which viewed spiritual matters as its rightful territory and frowned on the pagan overtones of Evola’s approach.’^[18]

Evola’s critiques of Christianity as a Semitic corruption of Traditional order would naturally be opposed by Italian Catholic priests like Tacchi. The German nationalists equally warned against Evola’s subtle subversion of the Reich by his Traditionalist doctrine and discouraged his influence on German ideological and political programmes.

⊛

In general, Evola’s idealistic political system posits a radical dichotomy between ‘traditional’ society and historical ones. The former is an ideal condition whereas the latter are only increasingly corrupt deviations from the former that have culminated in the horrors of modernity. The race closest to the ideal world of tradition is, according to Evola, the Aryan. Even though he had first celebrated the Mediterranean culture as the highest, by 1933 he had changed his views considerably to adapt them to the rise of Hitler’s German racialist party. Henceforth, Evola sought to wed the two concepts of Nordic and Roman supremacy so as to present a glimpse of ideal social organisation in historical times. Thus, the Roman Empire and the Ghibelline Empire were exemplary moments in the history of the modern West.

The means of understanding and reviving the original world of tradition in modern life are, according to Evola, myths and symbols. It is in these that one recognises the ideal templates that are to be followed. Hence Evola’s interest in the Grail myth in particular, where the crux of the legend is located by him in the restoration of the original ideal empire by the Grail King. The mythological orientation of Evola’s thought is obviously of dubious value since no polity can be directed by constant recourse to ancient myths even as symbols.

A champion of spiritual imperialism, Evola is particularly opposed to nationalism such as those initiated in eighteenth and nineteenth-century Europe by Liberal forces since he believes that it hinders the attainment of a universal spirituality. As Hancke pointed out:

For E. the idea of the nation belongs, according to its origin in the 18^th century, to the ideational world of the degenerate modern world. It is therefore to be overcome in the imperialistic, that is, the supra-national, sense in such a way indeed that the Aryan race of Germanic-Roman stamp would have primacy.

Apart from the dangerous proximity of this doctrine to universalist schemes such as those of Theosophy and Freemasonry, its utopian quality too was quickly noted by Hancke:

That which separates him especially from the National Socialist worldview is his radical neglect of the concrete historical data of our racial past in favour of an abstract-spiritual and fantasy-based utopia.

Plassmann/Sievers too, in their response to Evola’s lectures reproduced in this edition, made it clear that:

Evola does not seem quite familiar with the pragmatic political forces and so he could easily associate in good faith with orientations that represented this idea only apparently but in reality employed it against the racial idea (Othmar Spann)^[19] or do not have any political dynamism of their own (Goga).^[20] In general, when one attempts to organise such an idea, there arises immediately the danger of a certain ideal cosmopolitanism that must lead to unforeseeable consequences.

Along with nationalism, Evola also denounces the tendency to populist demagogy that was evident in both Italian Fascism and National Socialism. Evola posited instead a rule by an elite ‘Order’ that would represent the world of Tradition and assert its innate authority regardless of the masses. As Hancke put it:

After E. had earlier rejected the idea of the Volk, in the same way he now champions an ‘ethnic community,’ which in turn, as the principle of spiritual realisation, works against every collectivity. The real community, by contrast, is for E. the caste of rulers, an elite of the spirit, bound together in the battle for Tradition against the modern world.

⊛

These objections to Evola’s political views do not however mean that Evola’s missionary work on behalf of Traditionalism was wholly lacking in intellectual merit. His notion of universal spirituality that is not the rule of a single religion has a certain idealistic allure. For example, in his lecture of December 1937 reproduced in this edition, he suggests that:

It is necessary to arrive at a solidarity which should be as trans-nationalistic and spiritual as, for example, the Bolshevist-Communist is anti-nationalistic and materialistic. The first and indispensable precondition for that is, however, the determination of a universal worldview whose principles and values should be valid as a uniform, shared and unchangeable axis for all those who declare that they are against the enemies exposed by us.

However, it is clear that such an ideal international policy is marred by its impracticality. Apart from the difficulty of the implementation of such a spirituality among the diverse peoples of the world, the acceptance of a Nordic Aryan spiritual hegemony over the world is also a matter of uncertainty. Yet, Evola does clarify in his 1937 lecture that his Aryanism is not limited by biological differences:

The Nordic tradition is not half-naturalistic, that is, to be conceived only on the basis of blood and soil, but as a cultural category, as a primordial transcendental form of spirit of which the Nordic type, the Aryan race, and the general Indo-Germanic ethos, are only external phenomenal forms. The idea of race itself is, according to its higher tradition-bound significance, something that cannot and must not have anything to do with the rationalistic ideas of modern biology and mundane science. Race is above all a basic attitude, a spiritual power, something that is formative in a primordial way, of which the external, positively tangible forms are only a final echo.

With such a loose definition of Nordic Aryanism, Christianity too may be regenerated if reoriented to the original spirituality of the ‘Nordic Hyperborean’ realm of Tradition:

It is possible to intervene in a creative way against Christianity if one has fulfilled the tasks already pointed to, that is, if one has raised the Nordic idea and the idea of the Reich to a level of true spirituality that is universal and solar, then we would really have something more authentic than Christianity, encompassing the heroic and the sacral, the worldly and the otherworldly, the regal and the spiritual, that is, something that leads decisively beyond every worldview that is merely religiously Christian. Our principle should, moreover, always be: not to reject but to overcome. Even in regard to the Catholic and the pagan question, the task of the new elite should consist in fixing the chief principles of the general worldview from the Nordic spirit on a fully metaphysical and objective, thus ‘supra-religious,’ level. These principles would then be able to extract, clarify and intensify that which is valid in the Christian tradition itself.

Evola’s ideal society is a heroic one based on what he calls the solar and manly character of the ‘Nordic Aryan’ tradition that is opposed to the lunar and womanly quality of the ‘Semitic’:

Two fundamental attitudes are possible with regard to the supra-natural reality. One is the solar, manly, affirmative one corresponding to the ideal of the sacred royal power and knighthood. The other is the lunar, womanly, religious, passive one corresponding to the priestly ideal. If the second attitude is chiefly characteristic of the Semitic southern cultures, the Nordic and Indo-Germanic lordly man, on the other hand, has always been solar; the subjection of the creation and the pathos of its fundamental distance from the Almighty was fully unknown to him. He felt the gods to be like him, he considered himself to be of a heavenly race and the same blood as them. From that arises a conception of the heroic that is not exhausted in the physical, soldierly, or even tragic-choreographic and a conception of the higher man that has nothing to do with the Nietzschean-Darwinistic caricature of the handsome blond beast because this Nordic higher man exhibits at the same time ascetic, sacral and supra-natural traits and culminates in the type of the Olympian ruler, of the Aryan Chakravarti as the commander of the two powers and king of kings.’

This classification of Aryan as solar and Semitic as lunar is, however, vague and not grounded in historical reality since the East Semitic Akkadians worshipped the sun god, Shamash, in the third millennium B.C. long before any solar worship was attested among the Indo-Europeans.

More important is Evola’s firm dismissal of all immanentist pantheism and pseudo-philosophical glorification of science and technology:

We therefore have to free ourselves from every this-worldly mysticism, every worship of Nature and of Life, every pantheism. At the same time we should reject that significance of Aryan initiated by the dilettante Chamberlain^[21] that is connected to a purely rationalistic eulogy and glorification of profane science and technology.’

Evola’s elite should be capable of penetrating to the origins of corruption in history and reconstruct the West in a traditional manner:

And this should at the start be the work of an elite who, with the same impersonality and strictness of an ascetic Order, raise the principles and the symbols of the Nordic primordial tradition to a level of spirituality, universality and clear knowledge and put an end to every dilettantish mythic and distorting interpretation.

In closing, we may state that Evola’s doctrine of a universal spiritual politics directed by an enlightened elite is indeed a commendable intellectual exercise, but the mythologizing tendencies of his thought and his reluctance to deal with the concrete realities of the Jewish Question expose the practical compromises upon which any Evolian political project must flounder.

^[1] Vita Italiana, November 1933, 544-9.

^[2] I am indebted in this summary to Peter Staudenmaier, ‘Racial Ideology between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Julius Evola and the Aryan Myth, 1933-43,’ Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 55, No. 3 (2020), 473-491.

^[3] Rassegna Italiana, January 1934, 11-16.

^[4] Staudenmaier, ibid. 

^[5] “After Wagner, in the late 1870s and early 1880s, Nietzsche developed intense relationships with several ethnic Jews, all of them atheists, and made explicitly positive pronouncements about Jews.” Nietzsche even wrote: “The Jews, however, are beyond any doubt the strongest, toughest, and purest race now living in Europe.” (Soros, Alex. “Nietzsche’s Jewish Problem: Between Anti-Semitism and Anti-Judaism, by Robert Holub.” Intellectual History Review 28, No. 2 (2018): 344-348.)

^[6] Cf. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, 52: “The Jewish ‘Old Testament,’ the book of divine justice, has people, things, and speeches in such grand style that it is without parallel in the written works of Greece and India … Perhaps he will still find the New Testament, the book of mercy, more to his liking (it is full of the proper, tender, musty stench of true believers and small souls).” (Tr. Judith Norman)

^[7] Cf. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, 251: “The fact that the Jews, if they wanted (or if they were forced, as the anti-Semites seem to want), could already be dominant, or indeed could quite literally have control over present-day Europe — this is established. The fact that they are not working and making plans to this end is likewise established.” (Tr. Judith Norman).

^[8] See Ferraresi, Franco. “Julius Evola: Tradition, Reaction, and the Radical Right.” European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie 28, No. 1 (1987): 107-151.

^[9] Il cammino del cinabro (1963), 137.

^[10] Staudenmaier, ibid.

^[11] In La vita italiana, 309 (December 1938).

^[12] The present edition by Gerd Simon (http://www.gerd-simon.de). presents the December 1937 lecture of Julius Evola as well as the commentaries of Joseph Plassmann/Wolfram Sievers and Kurt Hancke on Evola’s 1938 lectures in Germany.

^[13] Ibid.

^[14] See A. James Gregor, Mussolini’s Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought, Princeton, NJ, 2005, p.258n.

^[15] See Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, The Occult Roots of Nazism: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany 1890-1935, Wellingborough, 1985.

^[16] Ibid.

^[17] Staudenmaier, op.cit.

^[18] Ibid.

^[19] Othmar Spann (1878-1950) was an Austrian philosopher who developed an idealistic doctrine of ‘universalism’ to counter the individualism of liberal sociology and economics. As an Austrian nationalist and Catholic, he was not fully favoured by the German National Socialists.

^[20] Octavian Goga (1881-1938) was a Romanian politician and man of letters. He was a member of the Romanian National Party in Austro-Hungary and joined forces in 1935 with A.C. Cuza’s anti-Semitic National-Christian Defence League to form the National Christian Party. In 1937 Goga served briefly as Prime Minister of Romania and enacted several anti-Semitic measures to maintain the electoral support of Corneliu Codreanu’s Iron Guard.

^[21] Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) was a British philosopher who became a naturalised German and wrote many works extolling the spiritual superiority of the Aryan race and of the Germanic peoples in particular.